A follow-up survey targeting about 10,000 university graduates (the Harvard Alumni Health Study) found a low mortality rate among those performing vigorous intensity exercise (Sesso et al., 2000 Lee and Paffenbarger, 2000). comparing the mortality rate between the drivers and conductors of buses (Morris et al., 1953). Strong evidence has accumulated from long-term prospective follow-up studies of the risk of death from many diseases associated with exercise habits since the seminal study of Morris et al. It is well known that lifespan and mortality are affected by lifestyle habits, with especially the positive effects of exercise having been demonstrated in experimental science fields. Nowadays both industry and academia are vigorously exploring substances for countering aging and age-associated diseases (e.g., Bakula et al., 2018).
Famous examples include the depiction of Gilgamesh as being afraid of his own death and hoping to find immortality in Mesopotamia civilization, and that of the First Emperor of Qin seeking immortality in the Shiji, which is a monumental history of ancient China. Stories about immortality have existed in various regions worldwide since ancient times. This result suggests that daily strenuous exercise as an occupation shortens rather than prolongs the lifespan. Discrete-time logistic regression analysis showed that the lifespan was significantly shorter for Kabuki actors than among the other three Japanese traditional artists. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a significant effect of occupation type on longevity among the four Japanese traditional arts professions of Kabuki, Sado, Rakugo and Nagauta, which include strenuous exercise, and tea ceremonies, telling comic stories and playing instruments while sitting, respectively. Here we show the effects of various occupations that include being sedentary and performing music and exercise activities and/or birth year on longevity of 699 professional male artists either alive or dead, as reported in books and webpages.
The effects of performing strenuous exercise, however, as an occupation over a lifetime have been unclear. In particular, it is well known that exercise habit decreases the mortality. The long-term lifestyle is known to affect lifespan and mortality.
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